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• 1.2.4 To improve the understanding of physiological and common pathological changes in the eye in the older population; to be able to explain them more effectively to patients and offer appropriate advice.
• 2.6.2 To improve the understanding of referral pathways for common ocular conditions in the older population and to know when to refer appropriately, understanding both national and local protocols.
• 6.1.5 To improve the recognition of common ocular pathologies in the older population, such as cataract, glaucoma and AMD; to be able to differentiate patients with pathological changes from those with normal age-related physiological changes and so refer them appropriately.
• 7.1.5 To improve the understanding of various aspects of visual function and how it changes in the older population, such as contrast sensitivity, visual acuity, colour vision and visual fields; to be able to assess them more effectively and differentiate normal age-related changes from pathological changes.

References

Garway-Heath D F, Wollstein G, Hitchings R A. Ageing changes of the optic nerve head in relation to open angle glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol 1997;81:840-845

JS Pointer. The presbyopic add. II. Agerelated trend and a gender difference - Ophthalmic Physiol Opt.1995;15(4):241-148

JS Pointer. Gender-related optical aspects of the onset of presbyopia - Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2002 Mar;22(2):126-9

M Ozdemir and H Temizdemir. Age- and gender-related tear function changes in normal population - Eye (2010) 24, 79–83 

Weale R. A. (1963a) The Ageing Eye. Lewis, London 

References

Jackson GR, Owsley C and McGwin G. Ageing and dark adaptation, Vision Research, Volume 39, Issue 23, November 1999, Pages 3975-3982

Klein R, Klein BEK, Linton KIP and DeMets, DL. The Beaver Dam Eye Study: Visual acuity. Ophthalmol 98, 1310-1315,1991

Sekular R, Owsley C and Hutman L. Addressing spatial vision in older people. Amer J Optom 59: 961968,198

For further information on glaucoma see DOCET's Glaucoma Series

References

References

Jun G, Guo H, Klein BE, Klein R, Wang JJ, et al. (2009) EPHA2 is associated with age-related cortical cataract in mice and humans. PLoS Genet. 2009 Jul;5(7)

Leske MC, Chylack LT, Suh-Yuh Wu. The Lens Opacities Case-Control Study: Risk Factors for Cataract. Arch Ophthalmol. 1991;109(2):244-251 

Michon JJ, Lau J, Wing SC, Ellwein LB. Prevalence of visual impairment, blindness, and cataract surgery in the Hong Kong elderly - Br J Ophthalmol 2002;86:133–139

For further information on dry eye disease see Dry Eye Disease: The Complete Picture

References

Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BK. Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Dry Eye Syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol. 2000;118(9):1264-1268

Owen CG, Jarrar Z, Wormald R, Cook DG, Fletcher AE, Rudnicka AR. The estimated prevalence and incidence of late stage age related macular degeneration in the UK. The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 2012; 96, 752–756

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